Aktivitas antibakteri (Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus) dari ekstrak etanol selada air (Nasturtium officinale) Antibacterial activity (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) of ethanol extract from watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
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Accepted
15 March 2024
Published
9 April 2024
Keywords:
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Folin–Ciocalteu, Kirby-Bauer, maceration, pathogen, polyphenol
Abstract
Bacteria can adversely affect the quality of fishery products and pose a risk of disease in humans. Polyphenolic substances derived from plant extracts are promising sources of natural antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of polyphenolic compounds extracted from watercress (Nasturtium officinale) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polyphenolic compounds were obtained through maceration using 70% ethanol, and their concentrations were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer well diffusion method. The output obtained from the extraction process yielded 21.62±1.55% polyphenol content, amounting to 28.49 mg GAE/g of dry sample. The relationship between the sample concentration and its ability to inhibit bacterial growth was indicated by the results of the antibacterial assay, which revealed a direct proportionality between the two variables. The inhibition zone diameter at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa was measured to be 11.13 millimeters, while that for S. aureus it was measured at 8.98 millimeters. Based on these findings, polyphenolic substances derived from watercress can be utilized as natural antibacterial agents.
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Kurniasih, N., & Halimah, E. (2019). Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak berbagai spesies tumbuhan mangrove. Farmaka, 17(2), 359-366.
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Miklasińska-Majdanik, M., Kępa, M., Wojtyczka, R., Idzik, D., & Wąsik, T. (2018). Phenolic compounds diminish antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102321
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Salamah, E., Purwaningsih, S., & Ellis Permatasari. (2011). Aktivitas antioksidan dan komponen bioaktif pada selada air (Nasturtium officinale L. R. Br). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 14(2), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v14i2.5316
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Sudirman, S., Aprilia, E., & Janna, M. (2022). Kandungan senyawa polifenol dan aktivitas antioksidan daun tumbuhan apu-apu (Pistia stratiotes) dengan metode pengeringan yang berbeda. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(2), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v25i2.41523
Sudirman, S., Herpandi, Safitri, E., Apriani, E. F., & Taqwa, F. H. (2022a). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leave extracts. Food Research, 6(4), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).484
Sudirman, S., Janna, M., Herpandi, & Widiastuti, I. (2022b). In vitro inhibitory HMG-CoA reductase activity of purified polyphenol compounds from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leaf extract. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(7), 1131-1134. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i7.15
Sudirman, S., Pujiastuti, N., Janna, M., Herpandi, & Widiastuti, I. (2023). Antihyperlipidemic activity of purified polyphenol extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Leaf: An in vitro analysis. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(6), 3177-3181. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i6.17
Tarman, S., Purwaningsih, S., & Negara, A A A P P. (2014). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun bakau hitam (Rhizophora micronata) terhadap bakteri penyebab diare. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16(3), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v16i3.8063
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Zeb, A., (2015). Phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of wild watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.). Springer Plus, 4(1), 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1514-5
Bahramikia, S., & Yazdanparast, R. (2010). Antioxidant efficacy of nasturtium officinale extracts using various in vitro assay systems. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 3(4), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2005-2901(10)60049-0
Blando, F., Russo, R., Negro, C., De Bellis, L., & Frassinetti, S. (2019). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. cladode polyphenolic extracts. Antioxidants, 8(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050117
Bouarab-Chibane, L., Forquet, V., Lantéri, P., Clément, Y., Léonard-Akkari, L., Oulahal, N., Degraeve, P., & Bordes, C. (2019). Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure–activity relationship) models. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(829), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829
Chew, K. K., Ng, S. Y., Thoo, Y. Y., Khoo, M. Z., Wan Aida, W. M., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Effect of ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature on the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Centella asiatica extracts. International Food Research Journal, 18(2), 571-578.
Cruz, J. E. R., Costa, J. L. G., Teixeira, T. A., Freitas, G. R. O., Gomes, M. S., & Morais, E. R. (2022). Phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extract from leaves and bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) coville. Revista CiÊncia AgronÔmica, 53, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20220049
Daud, M. N. H., Fatanah, D. N., Abdullah, N., & Ahmad, R. (2017). Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. J33 variety fruit waste from different extraction methods and identification of phenolic constituents by LCMS. Food Chemistry, 232, 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.018
Ecevit, K., Barros, A. A., Silva, J. M., & Reis, R. L. (2022). Preventing microbial infections with natural phenolic compounds. Future Pharmacology, 2(4), 460-498. https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol2040030
Edison., Diharmi, A., Ariani, N. M., Sumarto, & Ilza, M. (2020). Komponen bioaktif dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar Sargassum plagyophyllum. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i1.30725
Fakhkhari, P., Tajeddin, E., Azimirad, M., Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi, S., Abdi-Ali, A., Nikmanesh, B., Eshrati, B., Gouya, M.M., Owlia, P., Zali, M.R., & Alebouyeh, M. (2020). Involvement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the occurrence of community and hospital acquired diarrhea, and its virulence diversity among the stool and the environmental samples. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1726300
Faller, A. L. K., & Fialho, E. (2010). Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 23(6), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.01.003
Fisher, E. L., Otto, M., & Cheung, G. Y. C. (2018). Basis of virulence in enterotoxin-mediated staphylococcal food poisoning. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 436. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00436
Fitrial, Y. (2011). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etil asetat biji teratai (Nymphaea pubescens Willd) akibat pemanasan. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 14(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v14i1.3427
Grispoldi, L., Karama, M., Armani, A., Hadjicharalambous, C., & Cenci-Goga, B. T. (2021). Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in food of animal origin and staphylococcal food poisoning risk assessment from farm to table. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 677-690. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2020.1871428
Ihsan, B. (2021). Identifikasi bakteri patogen (Vibrio spp. dan Salmonella spp.) yang mengontaminasi ikan layang dan bandeng di pasar tradisional. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 24(1), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v24i1.34198
Insanitaqwa, A. Z., As, N., & Prasetyorini, N. (2021). Evaluasi in vitro aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun selada air (Nasturtium officinale) terhadap bakteri methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Majalah Kesehatan, 8(3), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.majalahkesehatan.2021.008.03.2
Kusuma, A. E. & Aprilieli, D. A. (2022). Pengaruh jumlah pelarut terhadap rendemen ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr). Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Obat Tradisional, 1(2), 125-135.
Kurniasih, N., & Halimah, E. (2019). Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak berbagai spesies tumbuhan mangrove. Farmaka, 17(2), 359-366.
Lezoul, N. E. H., Belkadi, M., Habibi, F., & Guillén, F. (2020). Extraction processes with several solvents on total bioactive compounds in different organs of three medicinal plants. Molecules, 25(20), 4672. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204672
Li J., Zhong, X., Zhao, Y., Sheng J., Pilapong C., & Xiao, Z. (2022). Polyphenols as lung cancer chemopreventive agents by targeting microRNAs. Molecules, 27(18), 5903. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185903
Li, X., Gu, N., Huang, T.Y., Zhong, F., & Peng, G. (2023). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A typical biofilm forming pathogen and an emerging but underestimated pathogen in food processing. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(1114199), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1114199
Manso, T., Lores, M., & de Miguel, T. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and natural polyphenolic extracts on clinical isolates. Antibiotics, 11, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010046
Miklasińska-Majdanik, M., Kępa, M., Wojtyczka, R., Idzik, D., & Wąsik, T. (2018). Phenolic compounds diminish antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102321
Mystkowska, I., Zarzecka, K., Gugała, M., & Sikorska, A. (2020). The polyphenol content in three edible potato cultivars depending on the biostimulants used. Agriculture, 10, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070269
Oosthuizen, D., Goosen, N., Stander, M., Ibrahim, A., Pedavoah, M. M., Usman, G., & Aderinola, T. (2018). Solvent extraction of polyphenolics from the indigenous African fruit Ximenia caffra and characterization by LC-HRMS. Antioxidants, 7, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7080103
Pancu, D. F., Scurtu, A., Macasoi, I. G., Marti, D., Mioc, M., Soica, C., Coricovac, D., Horhat, D., Poenaru, M., & Dehelean, C. (2021). Antibiotics: conventional therapy and natural compounds with antibacterial activity—A pharmaco-toxicological screening. Antibiotics, 10(4), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040401
Plaskova, A., & Mlcek, J. (2023). New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1118761
Rahman, I. W., Fadlilah, R. N., Ka'bah, Kristiana, H. N., & Dirga, A. (2022). Potensi ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens. Jurnal Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan, 13(1), 14-22.
Royani, A., Hanafi, M., Julistiono, H., & Manaf, A. (2023). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Aloe vera and Morinda citrifolia extracts as antibacterial material against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72, 2796-2802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.466
Salamah, E., Purwaningsih, S., & Ellis Permatasari. (2011). Aktivitas antioksidan dan komponen bioaktif pada selada air (Nasturtium officinale L. R. Br). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 14(2), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v14i2.5316
Sedaghattalab, M., Razazan, M., Sadeghi, H., Doustimotlagh, A. H., Toori, M. A., Abbasi Larki, R., Azarmehr, N., Asfaram, A., Panahi kokhdan, E., Taheri, T., Pourshohod, A., & Zarrelli, A. (2021). Effects of Nasturtium officinale extract on antioxidant and biochemical parameters in hemodialysis patients: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1632957
Sudirman, S., Aprilia, E., & Janna, M. (2022). Kandungan senyawa polifenol dan aktivitas antioksidan daun tumbuhan apu-apu (Pistia stratiotes) dengan metode pengeringan yang berbeda. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(2), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v25i2.41523
Sudirman, S., Herpandi, Safitri, E., Apriani, E. F., & Taqwa, F. H. (2022a). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leave extracts. Food Research, 6(4), 205-210. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).484
Sudirman, S., Janna, M., Herpandi, & Widiastuti, I. (2022b). In vitro inhibitory HMG-CoA reductase activity of purified polyphenol compounds from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) leaf extract. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(7), 1131-1134. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i7.15
Sudirman, S., Pujiastuti, N., Janna, M., Herpandi, & Widiastuti, I. (2023). Antihyperlipidemic activity of purified polyphenol extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Leaf: An in vitro analysis. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(6), 3177-3181. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i6.17
Tarman, S., Purwaningsih, S., & Negara, A A A P P. (2014). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun bakau hitam (Rhizophora micronata) terhadap bakteri penyebab diare. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16(3), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v16i3.8063
Zamruddin, N. M., & Herman, L. R., (2015). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun pacar (Lawsonia inermis L.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, 1(1), 21-28.
Zeb, A., (2015). Phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of wild watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.). Springer Plus, 4(1), 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1514-5
Authors
HakimS. K., SudirmanS., JannaM., NugrohoG. D., & SariD. I. (2024). Aktivitas antibakteri (Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus) dari ekstrak etanol selada air (Nasturtium officinale) : Antibacterial activity (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) of ethanol extract from watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 27(4), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v27i4.50254
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