Association between Sociodemographic Factors with Nutritional Status among Primary School Children in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Published
31 January 2024
Keywords:
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anthropometric, nutritional status, rural areas, school-aged children, sociodemographic
Abstract
This study aims to determine the association between sociodemographic aspects and nutritional status among rural Setiu, Terengganu schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted among 269 primary school children. Sociodemographic information was obtained from parents or guardians through face-to-face interviews, and standardized techniques and calibration were adopted for anthropometric measurements. The World Health Organization Anthro Plus was used to generate the z-scores for Weight-for-Age (WAZ), Height-for-Age (HAZ), and Body Mass Index-for- Age (BAZ) to indicate underweight, stunting, and obesity among the children. Chi-squared test was used to determine the association between sociodemographic factors and nutritional status. The children exhibited mean WAZ, HAZ, and BAZ scores of -0.66, -0.82, and -0.00, respectively. Approximately 13.8% of schoolchildren in this study were stunted, 16.7% were underweight, 8.9% were overweight, and 11.5% were obese. Age and the father's education level were significantly associated with WAZ (p=0.02 and p=0.001), household size was associated with HAZ (p=0.029), and BAZ was found to be associated with the father's income factor (p=0.03). This study discovered that the majority of results from the measurement of WAZ, HAZ and BAZ were in normal growth with 81 (79.4%), 230 (85.5%) and 196 (72.9%), respectively. In conclusion, this study indicates that most of the sociodemographic factors were not associated with nutritional status and the prevalence of malnutrition among primary school children in the rural areas of Setiu, Terengganu was lower than in the other rural areas.
References
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Nurwanti E, Hadi H, Chang JS, Chao JCJ, Paramashanti BA, Gittelsohn J, Bai CH. 2019. Rural–urban differences in dietary behavior and obesity: Results of the Riskesdas study in 10–18-year-old Indonesian children and adolescents. Nutrients [online] 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813
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Poh BK, Lee ST, Yeo GS, Tang KC, Noor Afifah AR, Siti Hanisa A, Parikh P, Wong JE, Ng ALO. 2019. Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children. BMC Public Health, [online] 19(S4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4
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Shafqat N, Manzoor S, Abbasi SA. 2021. Relationship of sociodemographic factors with malnutrition in preschool children: a community based study. The Journal of medical research 52.
Syahrul S, Kimura R, Tsuda A, Susanto T, Saito R, Ahmad F. 2016. Prevalence of underweight and overweight among school-aged children and it’s association with children’s sociodemographic and lifestyle in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences 3(2):169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.04.004
Teo CH, Chin YS, Lim PY, Masrom SAH, Shariff ZM. 2019. School-based intervention that integrates nutrition education and supportive healthy school food environment among Malaysian primary school children: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7708-y.
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Tyagi S, Hiremath R, Ramakrishna T, Chourey N, Ghodke S. 2022. Prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting and obesity among urban school going children – Need for action. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth 0(0): p.0. https://doi.org/10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu-861-21
The Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 2020. Available online at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2. [Accessed 13 September 2023]
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2020. Malnutrition: Key Facts 2020. Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/malnutrition. [Accessed 23rd March 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. WHO AnthroPlus for Personal Computers Manual Software for assessing growth of the world’s children. p. 1–45. [Accessed 12 September 2022]
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2007. WHO Child Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/growthref/en/. [Accessed 12 September 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2021. Fact sheets - Malnutrition. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/malnutrition. [Accessed 12 September 2022]
Wafa SW, Ghazalli R. 2020. Association between the school environment and children’s body mass index in Terengganu: A cross sectional study. PLOS ONE, 15(4), p.e0232000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232000.
Yefri R, Lipoeto NI, Putra AE, Kadim M. 2022. Parental sociodemographic factors associated with stunted children below 5 years of age in Kampar Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(B):1889–1893. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10235.
Zainuddin Ahmad Ali, Rusidah Selamat, Azli Baharudin, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Norsyamline AR, Aris T. 2013. Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8-10 years: Findings from the 2008 National IDD Survey. Malaysian journal of nutrition, 19(2):149–161.
Zulaily N, Ahmad A, Shahril MR, Ahmed A. 2020. Parental perception of child’s body weight status and its association with socio-demographic factors among Malay children in primary schools in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 26(2):173–187. https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0089.
Adetunji AE, Adeniran KA, Olomu SC, Odike AI, Ewah-Odiase RO, Omoike IU, Akpede GO. 2019. Socio-demographic factors associated with overweight and obesity among primary school children in semi-urban areas of mid-western Nigeria. Plos One (4):p.e0214570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214570
Ahmad A, Zulaily N, Shahril MR, Syed Abdullah EFH, Ahmed A. 2018. Association between socioeconomic status and obesity among 12-year-old Malaysian adolescents. PLOS ONE 13(7):p.e0200577. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200577
Al-Lahham S, Jaradat N, Altamimi M, Anabtawi O, Irshid A, Al Qub M, Dwikat M, Nafaa F, Badran L, Mohareb R et al. 2019. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among Palestinian school-age children and the associated risk factors: a cross sectional study. BMC Pediatrics 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1842-7
Anderson LN, Fatima T, Shah B, Smith BT, Fuller AE, Borkhoff CM, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Maguire, JL, Birken CS. 2021. Income and neighbourhood deprivation in relation to obesity in urban dwelling children 0–12 years of age: a cross-sectional study from 2013 to 2019. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 76(3):p.jech-2021-216455. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-216455
Arage G, Assefa M, Worku T. 2019. Socio-demographic and economic factors are associated with nutritional status of adolescent school girls in Lay Guyint Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine 7: p.205031211984467. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119844679
Argaw D, Hussen Kabthymer R, Endale T, Wudneh A, Daniel Meshesha M, Tadesse Hirbu J, Bayisa Y, Abebe L, Tilahun R, Aregawi S et al. 2022. Stunting and associated factors among primary school children in Ethiopia: School-based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 17:p.100451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100451
Berhanu A, Garoma S, Arero G, Mosisa G. 2022. Stunting and associated factors among school-age children (5–14 years) in Mulo district, Oromia region, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine 0:p.205031212211278. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221127880
Bongaarts J. 2021. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets.
FAO. 2020. 320 p. Population and Development Review 47(2):558–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12418
Farmery AK, Scott JM, Brewer TD, Eriksson H, Steenbergen DJ, Albert J, Raubani J, Tutuo J, Sharp MK, Andrew NL. 2020. Aquatic foods and nutrition in the Pacific. Nutrients 12(12):3705–3705. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123705
Hashim NS, Ali A, Kamarudin KS, Mohd Yusof H, Zakaria NS, Sulaiman N, Mohd Shariff Z. 2021. Association of household food insecurity with academic performance and nutritional status of fisherman’s school-aged children in Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology 50(2):61–69. https://doi.Org/10.55230/Mabjournal.V50i2.1971
Herrera-Cuenca M, Kovalskys I, Gerardi A, Hernandez P, Sifontes Y, Gómez G, Yépez García MC, Méndez-Pérez B, Landaeta-Jimenez M, Pareja R et al. 2021. Anthropometric profile of Latin American population: Results from the ELANS Study. Frontiers in Nutrition 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.740361
Hoang N, Orellana L, Le T, Gibson R, Worsley A, Sinclair A, Szymlek-Gay E. 2018. Anthropometric status among 6–9-year-old school children in rural areas in Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Nutrients 10(10):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101431.
[IPH] Institute for Public Health. 2018. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Key Findings from the Adolescent Health and Nutrition Surveys. [online] Available at: https://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2017/NHMS2017Infographic.pdf. [Accessed 23rd March 2022]
Mesawa A, Almutairi A, Abdullah A., Kutbi R., Almarri A., Alahdali H., Bashlawi S., Rajab, F., Alzahrani H., Al Ghmadi M & Al-Agha A. M. 2020. Parental socioeconomic status and occupation in relation to childhood obesity. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries: 4(3):001–010. https://doi.org/10.24911/ijmdc.51-1564909950.
Mohamad MS, Mahadir Naidu B, Kaltiala R, Virtanen SM, Lehtinen-Jacks S. 2021. Thinness, overweight and obesity among 6- to 17-year-old Malaysians: secular trends and sociodemographic determinants from 2006 to 2015. Public Health Nutrition 24(18):6309–6322. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021003190
Mwaniki E, Makokha A. 2013. Nutrition status and associated factors among children in public primary schools in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya. African Health Sciences, [online] 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i1.6.
Nurwanti E, Hadi H, Chang JS, Chao JCJ, Paramashanti BA, Gittelsohn J, Bai CH. 2019. Rural–urban differences in dietary behavior and obesity: Results of the Riskesdas study in 10–18-year-old Indonesian children and adolescents. Nutrients [online] 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813
Petrauskienė A, Žaltauskė V, Albavičiūtė E. 2015. Family socioeconomic status and nutrition habits of 7–8 year old children: cross-sectional Lithuanian COSI study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-015-0139-1
Poh BK, Lee ST, Yeo GS, Tang KC, Noor Afifah AR, Siti Hanisa A, Parikh P, Wong JE, Ng ALO. 2019. Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children. BMC Public Health, [online] 19(S4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4
Poh BK, Ng BK, Siti Haslinda MD, Nik Shanita S, Wong JE, Budin SB, Ruzita AT, Ng LO, Khouw I, Norimah AK. 2013. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia). British Journal of Nutrition 110(S3):S21–S35. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002092
Reis WP, Ghamsary M, Galustian C, Galust H, Herring P, Gaio J, Dos Santos H. 2020. Childhood obesity: Is the built environment more important than the food environment? Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 14(1-8): p.117955652093212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179556520932123
Shafqat N, Manzoor S, Abbasi SA. 2021. Relationship of sociodemographic factors with malnutrition in preschool children: a community based study. The Journal of medical research 52.
Syahrul S, Kimura R, Tsuda A, Susanto T, Saito R, Ahmad F. 2016. Prevalence of underweight and overweight among school-aged children and it’s association with children’s sociodemographic and lifestyle in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences 3(2):169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.04.004
Teo CH, Chin YS, Lim PY, Masrom SAH, Shariff ZM. 2019. School-based intervention that integrates nutrition education and supportive healthy school food environment among Malaysian primary school children: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7708-y.
Terengganu Basic Data. 2020. Terengganu State Economic Planning Unit. Available online at: https://upen.terengganu.gov.my/index.php/2020. [Accessed 13 September 2023].
Tyagi S, Hiremath R, Ramakrishna T, Chourey N, Ghodke S. 2022. Prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting and obesity among urban school going children – Need for action. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth 0(0): p.0. https://doi.org/10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu-861-21
The Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 2020. Available online at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2. [Accessed 13 September 2023]
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2020. Malnutrition: Key Facts 2020. Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/malnutrition. [Accessed 23rd March 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. WHO AnthroPlus for Personal Computers Manual Software for assessing growth of the world’s children. p. 1–45. [Accessed 12 September 2022]
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2007. WHO Child Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/growthref/en/. [Accessed 12 September 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2021. Fact sheets - Malnutrition. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/malnutrition. [Accessed 12 September 2022]
Wafa SW, Ghazalli R. 2020. Association between the school environment and children’s body mass index in Terengganu: A cross sectional study. PLOS ONE, 15(4), p.e0232000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232000.
Yefri R, Lipoeto NI, Putra AE, Kadim M. 2022. Parental sociodemographic factors associated with stunted children below 5 years of age in Kampar Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(B):1889–1893. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10235.
Zainuddin Ahmad Ali, Rusidah Selamat, Azli Baharudin, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Norsyamline AR, Aris T. 2013. Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8-10 years: Findings from the 2008 National IDD Survey. Malaysian journal of nutrition, 19(2):149–161.
Zulaily N, Ahmad A, Shahril MR, Ahmed A. 2020. Parental perception of child’s body weight status and its association with socio-demographic factors among Malay children in primary schools in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 26(2):173–187. https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2019-0089.
Authors
HussinN., MamatN. L., HalibH., & YenW. C. (2024). Association between Sociodemographic Factors with Nutritional Status among Primary School Children in Setiu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(Supp.1), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.Supp.1.153-162
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