GENETIC STRUCTURE POPULATIONS SKIPJACK, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linneaus, 1758) IN NORTH MALUKU SEA, INDONESIA
Article Sidebar
Accepted
4 September 2020
Published
31 August 2020
Keywords:
-
conservation, genetic, North Maluku, skipjack
Abstract
Genetic is key substantial approach conservation, managament and sustainability. This study aims to genetic structure populations Skipjack tuna in North Maluku Sea. Samples collection in Morotai Island (n=10), Central Halmahera District, Weda (n=10) dan South Halmahera District, Bacan, (n=10) and secondary data (n=4) in March-May 2018. Molecular analysis through stages extraction, PCR, electrophoresis and sequencing DNA. DNA sequences analysis used MEGA 5 (Genetic distance and phylogenetic) and arlequin (Fixation index). The result found that fragment length 546 (base pairs) in control mitocondrial DNA. Genetic distance analysis Skipjact tuna population based on primary (North Maluku) and secondary data (Sulu-Celebes and South China Sea, Bali, Indian coast, Kyushu Island Japan) show close genetic 0.037-0.056. Fixation indices (Fst) analysis value 0.801-0.936 the show that weak genetic differentiation between populations. High genetic flow between populations based on genetic distance and Fst. The result show that genetic distance and Fst show that genetic structure populations Skipjack tuna in North Maluku Sea undistrubed. The Skipjack tuna data obtained can uses data base to preserve and sustainability fish resource.
References
Akbar, N., N.P. Zamani, & H.H. Madduppa. 2014. Keragaman genetik ikan tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacares) dari dua populasi di Laut Maluku, Indonesia. J. Depik, 3(1): 65-73. http://doi.org/10.13170/depik.3.1.1304
Akbar, N., M. Aris, M. Irfan, I. Tahir, A. Baksir, Surahman, H.H. Madduppa, & R. Kotta. 2018. Filogenetik ikan tuna (Thunnus spp.) di Perairan Maluku Utara, Indonesia. J. Iktiologi Indonesia, 18(1): 1-11. http://doi.org/10.32491/jii.v18i1.37
Akbar, N. & R. Labenua. 2018. Keragaman genetik ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis ) di Perairan Laut Maluku Utara. J. Depik, 7(2): 164-176. http://doi.org/10.13170/depik.7.2.11156
Aris, M., N. Akbar, & R. Labenua. 2017. Genetic and phylogenetic variations of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) as a basis for sustainable fishery resources management in North Moluccas. International J. Pharma Bio Science, 8(4): 419-426. http://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.4.b419-426
Atmadipoera, S.A. & G.I. Mubaraq. 2016. Struktur dan variabilitas arlindo di laut Sulawesi. J. Kelautan Nasional, 11(3): 159-174. http://doi.org/10.15578/jkn.v11i3.6116
Bahagiawati, D.W., Buchari, Nurindah, H.H. Rizjaani, D.W. Utami, B. Sahari, & A. Sari. 2006. Struktur populasi Trichogrammatoidea armigera, parasitoid telur Helicoverpa armigera, berdasarkan analisis RAPD-PCR. J. AgroBiogen, 2(2): 52-58. http://doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v2n2.2006.p5259
Bahagiawati, D.W., Utami, & D. Buchari. 2010. Pengelompokan dan struktur populasi parasitoid telur Trichogrammatoidea armigera pada telur Helicoverpa armigera pada jagung berdasarkan karakter molekuler. J. Entomologi Indonesia, 7(1): 54-65. http://doi.org/10.5994/jei.7.1.54
Bahri, S., A.S. Atmadipoera, & H.H. Madduppa. 2017. Keragaman genetik penyu lekang Lepidochelys olivacea dengan pola arus di teluk Cendrawasih, Papua. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2): 747-760. http://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i2.19307
Chiang, H.C., C.C. Hsu, H.D. Lin, G.C. Ma, T.Y. Chiang, & H.Y. Yang. 2006. Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the South China Sea, Philippine Sea and western Pacific Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Fisheries Research, 79(1): 219-225. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.11.026
Chiang, H.C., C.C. Hsu, G.C.C. Wu, S.K. Chang, & H.Y. Yang. 2008. Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus Obesus) in the Indian Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Fisheries Research, 90(1): 305-312. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.11.006
Chow, S. & H. Kishino. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships between tuna species of the genus Thunnus (Scombridae: Teleostei): inconsistent implications from morphology, nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. J. of Moleculer Evolution, 41(6): 741-748. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350321
Chow, S. & H. Ushiama. 1995. Global population structure of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) inferred by RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ATPase gene. Marine Biology, 123(1): 39-45. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF0035021
Dammannagoda, S.T., D.A. Hurwood, & P.B. Mather. 2011. Genetic analysis reveals two stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Canadian J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68(2): 210-223. http://doi.org/10.1139/F10-136
Ely, B., J. Vinas, J.R.A. Bremer, D. Black, L. Lucas, K. Covello, A.V. Labrie, & E. Thelen. 2005. Consequences of the historical demography on the global population structure of two highly migratory cosmopolitan marine fishes: the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5(19): 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-5-19
Excoffier, L. & H.E.L. Lischer. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5; a new series of program to perform population genetik analysis under linux and windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10(3): 564-56. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0988.2010.02847.x
Fakhri, F., I. Narayani, & I.G.N.K. Mahardika. 2015. Keragaman genetik ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus Pelamis) dari Kabupaten Jembrana dan Karangasem, Bali. J. Biologi, 19(1): 11-14. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/BIO/article/view/16493
Gigentika, S., S.H. Wisudo, & Mustaruddin. 2014. Strategi pengembangan perikanan cakalang di Kabupaten Lombok Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Marine Fisheries, 5(1): 27-40. http://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.5.1.27-40
Gordon, A.L. & R.A. Fine. 1996. Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature, 379(6561): 146-149. http://doi.org/10.1038/379146a0
Graves, J.E., S.D. Ferris, & A.E. Dizon. 1984. Close genetic similarity of Atlantic and Pacific skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) demonstrated with restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Marine Biology, 79(3): 315-319. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393264
Jackson, A.M., M.V. Ambariyanto, Erdmann, A.H.A. Toha, L.A. Stevens, & P.H. Barber. 2014. Phylogeography of commercial tuna and mackerel in the Indonesian Archipelago. Bulletin Marine Science, 90(1): 471–492. http://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2012.1097
Jamal, M., Hasrun, & Ernaningsih. 2014. Tingkat pemanfaatan dan estimasi potensi ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) di kawasan teluk Bone. Torani, 24(2): 20-28. http://doi.org/10.35911/torani.v24i2.225
Johnson, M.G., Y.D. Mgaya, & Y.W. Shaghude. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals a single stocks of frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) in the northern coastal waters of Tanzania. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission-2015-WPNT05-16. 12 p.
Lee, W.J., J. Conroy, W.H. Howell, & T.D. Kocher. 1995. Structure and evolution of teleost mitochondrial control regions. Moleculer Evolution, 41(1): 54-66. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174041
Ma’mun, A., A. Priatna, Suwarso, & M. Natsir. 2018. Potensi dan distribusi spasial ikan demersal di Laut Jawa (WPPNRI-712) dengan menggunakan teknoogi hidroakustik. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 10(2): 489-500. http://doi.org/1029244/jitkt.v10i2.21549
Menezes, M.R., G. Kumar, & S.P. Kunal. 2012. Population genetic structure of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis from the Indian coast using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J. Fish Biology, 80(6): 2198-2212. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03270.x
Michels, E., K. Cottenie, L. Neys, K. De Gelas, P. Coppin, & L. De Meester. 2001. Geographical and genetic distances among zooplankton populations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for using GIS modelling of the effective geographical distance. Molecular Ecology, 10(8): 1929-1938. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01340.x
Permana, G.N., J.H. Hutapea, Haryanti, & S.B.M. Sembiring. 2007. Variasi genetik ikan tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albaceras) dengan analisis elektroforesis allozyme dan mtDNA. J. Riset Akuakultur, 2(1): 41-50. http://doi.org/10.15578/jra.2.1.2007.41-50
Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, & A.R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. National Academical Science, United Stated of America, 74(12): 5463-5467. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Shizuka, D. & B.E. Lyon. 2008. Improving the reliability of molecular sexing using a W-specific marker. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8(6): 1249-1253. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02342.x
Soewardi, K. & Suwarso. 2006. Variasi geografik dalam struktur genetik populasi ikan kakap merah, Lutjanus malabaricus (Lutjanidae) dan interaksi lingkungan di laut Jawa. J. Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, 13(1): 69-75.
Suman A., H.E. Irianto, K. Amri, & B. Nugraha. 2013. Population structure and reproduction of bigeye tuna (Thunnus Obesus) in Indian Ocean at western part of Sumatera and southern part of Java and Nusa Tenggara. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 8 oktober 2013. 1-14 pp.
Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei, & S. Kumar. 2011. Mega 5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likehood, evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony method. Moleculer Biology Evolution, 28(10): 2731-2739. http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Toha, A.H.A., R. Binur, Suhaemi, Lutfi, L. Hakim, N. Widodo, & S.B. Sumitro.2014. Genetic aspects of the commercially used sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. A review. J. of Biological Researches, 20(2): 12-17. http://doi.org/10.23869/bphjr.20.1.20143
Toatubun, N., J. Wenno, & I.L. Labaro. 2015. Struktur populasi ikan cakalang hasil tangkapan pukat cincin yang didaratkan di pelabuhan perikanan pantai Tumumpa Kota Manado. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap, 2(2): 73-77. http://doi.org/10.35800/jitpt.2.2.2015.9234
Walsh, P.S., D.A. Metzger, & R. Higuchi. 1991. Chelex-100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques, 10(4): 506-513. http://doi.org/10.2144/000114018
Wigati, E., Sutarno, & Haryanti. 2003. Variasi genetik ikan anggoli (Pristipomoides multidens) berdasarkan pola pita allozim. Biodiversitas, 4(2): 73-79. http://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d040201.
Williams, J.G.K., A.R. Kubelik, K.J. Livak, J.A. Rafalski, & S.V. Tingey. 1990. DNA polymorphism amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18(22): 6531-6535. http://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.22.6531
Xiao, M., P.M. Gordon, A. Phong, C. Ha, T.F. Chan, D. Cai, P.R. Selvin, & Y. Kwok. 2007. Determination of haplotype for single DNA molecules: a method for single molecules barcoding. Human Mutation, 28(9): 913-921. http://doi.org.10.1002/humu.20528
Akbar, N., M. Aris, M. Irfan, I. Tahir, A. Baksir, Surahman, H.H. Madduppa, & R. Kotta. 2018. Filogenetik ikan tuna (Thunnus spp.) di Perairan Maluku Utara, Indonesia. J. Iktiologi Indonesia, 18(1): 1-11. http://doi.org/10.32491/jii.v18i1.37
Akbar, N. & R. Labenua. 2018. Keragaman genetik ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis ) di Perairan Laut Maluku Utara. J. Depik, 7(2): 164-176. http://doi.org/10.13170/depik.7.2.11156
Aris, M., N. Akbar, & R. Labenua. 2017. Genetic and phylogenetic variations of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) as a basis for sustainable fishery resources management in North Moluccas. International J. Pharma Bio Science, 8(4): 419-426. http://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.4.b419-426
Atmadipoera, S.A. & G.I. Mubaraq. 2016. Struktur dan variabilitas arlindo di laut Sulawesi. J. Kelautan Nasional, 11(3): 159-174. http://doi.org/10.15578/jkn.v11i3.6116
Bahagiawati, D.W., Buchari, Nurindah, H.H. Rizjaani, D.W. Utami, B. Sahari, & A. Sari. 2006. Struktur populasi Trichogrammatoidea armigera, parasitoid telur Helicoverpa armigera, berdasarkan analisis RAPD-PCR. J. AgroBiogen, 2(2): 52-58. http://doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v2n2.2006.p5259
Bahagiawati, D.W., Utami, & D. Buchari. 2010. Pengelompokan dan struktur populasi parasitoid telur Trichogrammatoidea armigera pada telur Helicoverpa armigera pada jagung berdasarkan karakter molekuler. J. Entomologi Indonesia, 7(1): 54-65. http://doi.org/10.5994/jei.7.1.54
Bahri, S., A.S. Atmadipoera, & H.H. Madduppa. 2017. Keragaman genetik penyu lekang Lepidochelys olivacea dengan pola arus di teluk Cendrawasih, Papua. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2): 747-760. http://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v9i2.19307
Chiang, H.C., C.C. Hsu, H.D. Lin, G.C. Ma, T.Y. Chiang, & H.Y. Yang. 2006. Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the South China Sea, Philippine Sea and western Pacific Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Fisheries Research, 79(1): 219-225. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.11.026
Chiang, H.C., C.C. Hsu, G.C.C. Wu, S.K. Chang, & H.Y. Yang. 2008. Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus Obesus) in the Indian Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Fisheries Research, 90(1): 305-312. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.11.006
Chow, S. & H. Kishino. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships between tuna species of the genus Thunnus (Scombridae: Teleostei): inconsistent implications from morphology, nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. J. of Moleculer Evolution, 41(6): 741-748. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350321
Chow, S. & H. Ushiama. 1995. Global population structure of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) inferred by RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ATPase gene. Marine Biology, 123(1): 39-45. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF0035021
Dammannagoda, S.T., D.A. Hurwood, & P.B. Mather. 2011. Genetic analysis reveals two stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Canadian J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68(2): 210-223. http://doi.org/10.1139/F10-136
Ely, B., J. Vinas, J.R.A. Bremer, D. Black, L. Lucas, K. Covello, A.V. Labrie, & E. Thelen. 2005. Consequences of the historical demography on the global population structure of two highly migratory cosmopolitan marine fishes: the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5(19): 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-5-19
Excoffier, L. & H.E.L. Lischer. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5; a new series of program to perform population genetik analysis under linux and windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10(3): 564-56. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0988.2010.02847.x
Fakhri, F., I. Narayani, & I.G.N.K. Mahardika. 2015. Keragaman genetik ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus Pelamis) dari Kabupaten Jembrana dan Karangasem, Bali. J. Biologi, 19(1): 11-14. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/BIO/article/view/16493
Gigentika, S., S.H. Wisudo, & Mustaruddin. 2014. Strategi pengembangan perikanan cakalang di Kabupaten Lombok Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Marine Fisheries, 5(1): 27-40. http://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.5.1.27-40
Gordon, A.L. & R.A. Fine. 1996. Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature, 379(6561): 146-149. http://doi.org/10.1038/379146a0
Graves, J.E., S.D. Ferris, & A.E. Dizon. 1984. Close genetic similarity of Atlantic and Pacific skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) demonstrated with restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Marine Biology, 79(3): 315-319. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393264
Jackson, A.M., M.V. Ambariyanto, Erdmann, A.H.A. Toha, L.A. Stevens, & P.H. Barber. 2014. Phylogeography of commercial tuna and mackerel in the Indonesian Archipelago. Bulletin Marine Science, 90(1): 471–492. http://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2012.1097
Jamal, M., Hasrun, & Ernaningsih. 2014. Tingkat pemanfaatan dan estimasi potensi ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) di kawasan teluk Bone. Torani, 24(2): 20-28. http://doi.org/10.35911/torani.v24i2.225
Johnson, M.G., Y.D. Mgaya, & Y.W. Shaghude. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals a single stocks of frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) in the northern coastal waters of Tanzania. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission-2015-WPNT05-16. 12 p.
Lee, W.J., J. Conroy, W.H. Howell, & T.D. Kocher. 1995. Structure and evolution of teleost mitochondrial control regions. Moleculer Evolution, 41(1): 54-66. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174041
Ma’mun, A., A. Priatna, Suwarso, & M. Natsir. 2018. Potensi dan distribusi spasial ikan demersal di Laut Jawa (WPPNRI-712) dengan menggunakan teknoogi hidroakustik. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 10(2): 489-500. http://doi.org/1029244/jitkt.v10i2.21549
Menezes, M.R., G. Kumar, & S.P. Kunal. 2012. Population genetic structure of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis from the Indian coast using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J. Fish Biology, 80(6): 2198-2212. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03270.x
Michels, E., K. Cottenie, L. Neys, K. De Gelas, P. Coppin, & L. De Meester. 2001. Geographical and genetic distances among zooplankton populations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for using GIS modelling of the effective geographical distance. Molecular Ecology, 10(8): 1929-1938. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01340.x
Permana, G.N., J.H. Hutapea, Haryanti, & S.B.M. Sembiring. 2007. Variasi genetik ikan tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albaceras) dengan analisis elektroforesis allozyme dan mtDNA. J. Riset Akuakultur, 2(1): 41-50. http://doi.org/10.15578/jra.2.1.2007.41-50
Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, & A.R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. National Academical Science, United Stated of America, 74(12): 5463-5467. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463
Shizuka, D. & B.E. Lyon. 2008. Improving the reliability of molecular sexing using a W-specific marker. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8(6): 1249-1253. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02342.x
Soewardi, K. & Suwarso. 2006. Variasi geografik dalam struktur genetik populasi ikan kakap merah, Lutjanus malabaricus (Lutjanidae) dan interaksi lingkungan di laut Jawa. J. Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, 13(1): 69-75.
Suman A., H.E. Irianto, K. Amri, & B. Nugraha. 2013. Population structure and reproduction of bigeye tuna (Thunnus Obesus) in Indian Ocean at western part of Sumatera and southern part of Java and Nusa Tenggara. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 8 oktober 2013. 1-14 pp.
Tamura, K., D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei, & S. Kumar. 2011. Mega 5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likehood, evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony method. Moleculer Biology Evolution, 28(10): 2731-2739. http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Toha, A.H.A., R. Binur, Suhaemi, Lutfi, L. Hakim, N. Widodo, & S.B. Sumitro.2014. Genetic aspects of the commercially used sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. A review. J. of Biological Researches, 20(2): 12-17. http://doi.org/10.23869/bphjr.20.1.20143
Toatubun, N., J. Wenno, & I.L. Labaro. 2015. Struktur populasi ikan cakalang hasil tangkapan pukat cincin yang didaratkan di pelabuhan perikanan pantai Tumumpa Kota Manado. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan Tangkap, 2(2): 73-77. http://doi.org/10.35800/jitpt.2.2.2015.9234
Walsh, P.S., D.A. Metzger, & R. Higuchi. 1991. Chelex-100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques, 10(4): 506-513. http://doi.org/10.2144/000114018
Wigati, E., Sutarno, & Haryanti. 2003. Variasi genetik ikan anggoli (Pristipomoides multidens) berdasarkan pola pita allozim. Biodiversitas, 4(2): 73-79. http://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d040201.
Williams, J.G.K., A.R. Kubelik, K.J. Livak, J.A. Rafalski, & S.V. Tingey. 1990. DNA polymorphism amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18(22): 6531-6535. http://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.22.6531
Xiao, M., P.M. Gordon, A. Phong, C. Ha, T.F. Chan, D. Cai, P.R. Selvin, & Y. Kwok. 2007. Determination of haplotype for single DNA molecules: a method for single molecules barcoding. Human Mutation, 28(9): 913-921. http://doi.org.10.1002/humu.20528
Authors
AkbarN., & LabenuaR. (2020). GENETIC STRUCTURE POPULATIONS SKIPJACK, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linneaus, 1758) IN NORTH MALUKU SEA, INDONESIA. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(2), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v12i2.24274
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author submitting the manuscript must understand and agree that the copyright of the article manuscript must be submitted/transferred to the Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA) International License in which the Author and Reader can copy and redistribute the material in any media or format, and remix, modify and build material for any purpose, but they must provide appropriate credit (citing articles or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate whether there is a change. If you mix, change, or create material, you must distribute your contribution under the same license as the original.
