Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)

Proliferation of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) from bulbils and leaf cutting treated by NAA and BA

Ayu Diah Putu Laksmi Putri — 2023-12-28

Javanese konjac or iles-iles (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume, Araceae) is a tuber crop native to Indonesia as a source of carbohydrat, also contains a lot of glucomannan, which has high economic value as a raw material in industry. The study aimed to develop the propagation method of A. muelleri from bulbils and leaf cuttings through the plant growth regulator (PGR) application of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benziladenin (BA). The research was conducted from August 2020 to December 2021 at IPB University, Bogor. The study consisted of three experiments based on the type of propagation material. Each experiment used a randomized complete block design with three factors, i.e., NAA concentrations (0, 2, and 4 mg L^-1), BA concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg L^-1), and propagation materials (Experiment 1: small, medium, large bulbils; Experiment 2: immature and mature peak leaflet cuttings; Experiment 3: immature and mature base leaflet cuttings). The results showed that there was an interaction of three factors in the bulbils and PGR application, which had a significant effect on the percentage of axillary shoot proliferation and growth. In Experiment 2, PGR application was unable to regenerate peak leaflet cuttings, whereas in Experiment 3 PGR encouraged base leaflet cuttings to form shoots, roots, and bulbils, especially at concentrations of 2 mg L^-1 NAA+15 mg L^-1 BA and 4 mg L^-1 NAA+15 mg L^-1 BA.

Keywords: α-naphthaleneacetic acid, benziladenin, iles-iles, Javanese konjac, plant growth regulators

Cassava growth and yield on ultisol of different soil organic carbon content and NPK fertilizer levels

Syaiful Anwar — 2023-12-23

The demand for cassava tuber in Indonesia is high, however, domestic production is still limited therefore increasing production is important. Ultisol soils have the potential for cassava production, but low soil fertility in such soils needs to be improved. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cassava tuber in an ultisol. The experiment was conducted at the Jonggol Experimental Farm, IPB Bogor, West Java from September 2022 to January 2023. The experiment used a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was SOC level of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, and the subplot was NPK 15-15-15 level of 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha^-1. SOC level was increased through the application of cow manure 0, 3.59, 54.93, and 106.27 tons ha^-1 corresponding to SOC levels of 1.93 (control), 2, 3, and 4%, respectively. Results showed that enhancing SOC up to 3% and NPK 300 kg ha^-1 were enough to support cassava growth as shown by plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. The leaf number was the highest in the 3% SOC+150 kg NPK, 2% SOC+300 kg NPK or+450 kg NPK, and control+600 kg ha^-1 NPK treatment. Leaf greenness was only affected by adding NPK fertilizer; a high greenness value was obtained at NPK level of > 150 kg ha^-1 and 300 to 600 kg ha^-1 resulting in non-significantly leaf greenness. The status of N and K in the leaves increased by SOC and NPK treatments, while the P status was unaffected. SOC at a level of 3% and NPK at a level of 150 kg ha^-1 stimulated cassava to produce the highest fresh tuber weight (1.85 kg per plant) at 4 months after planting. Cassava productivity in ultisol soil can be increased by applying cow manure of 54.93 tons ha^-1 to enhance SOC up to 3% combined with NPK of 150 kg ha^-1.

Keywords: Extensification; food security; intensification; tuber production; nutrient uptake

Characteristics and variability of melon genotypes under shade conditions in greenhouse

Amalia Nurul Huda — 2023-12-19

The utilization of controlled greenhouses can be an alternative for melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivation. Growing melon in greenhouses lowers the risk of pests and infections by diverse pathogens. Low solar irradiation during the rainy season and pollution in the greenhouse roof, may cause shade stress conditions for the plants inside. This study aimed to elucidate the plant and fruit characteristics of nine genotypes of melon grown under shade conditions in a greenhouse and the variability among them. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor, from November 2016 to January 2017. The genetic materials evaluated were nine melon genotypes from the Center for Tropical Fruit Studies at IPB University. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was followed. Shade intensity in the greenhouse was approximately 25%. The results showed that the genotype effect was significant for internode length, petiole length, plant height fruit, flesh thickness, fruit rind thickness, fruit weight, and total soluble solids. Genotype means for fruit weight were small in this experiment (< 300 g), whereas the total soluble solids were moderate to high (8.7-14.3 °Brix). Fruit diameter had a positive and significant correlation with leaf length, leaf width, and fruit length, whereas fruit weight had a positive and significant correlation with fruit diameter and fruit length.

Keywords: correlation, honeydew, melon breeding, melon group, traits

Eco-enzyme and mushroom bag-logs waste stimulate production and nutrients content of celery microgreen (Apium graveolens L.)

Elisabet — 2023-12-19

Celery microgreen is celery harvested at a young stage, which is a suitable production model to support urban farming. The study aimed to investigate the potential use of eco-enzyme and oyster mushroom media waste (bag-logs waste) on the growth of celery as microgreen. The present study employed a fully randomized factorial design comprising two factors. The first factor was the dosage of eco-enzyme (E): 0.5, 15, and 25 mL L^-1 of water, while the second factor was the dosage of bag-log waste (L): 0.50, 100, and 150 g/tray. The variables that were assessed included wet weight, fresh economic weight, longest root length, root volume, moisture content, vitamin C, Mg, and Ca levels. The data were subjected to ANOVA analysis and subsequently followed by the application of the HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The findings indicated that there was a substantial interaction between the eco-enzyme and bag-log waste in all observed parameters. The best treatment was the combination of eco-enzyme at a concentration of 25 mL L^-1 and bag-log waste at a rate of 150 g/tray. The eco-enzyme treatment exhibited a significant impact on all observed parameters, with the most effective treatment being the application of 25 mL L^-1. The bag-log waste application affected all measured parameters with 150 g/tray yielding the most favorable results. Therefore, eco-enzymes and bag-log waste have the potential as growing media for celery microgreen cultivation.

Keywords: celery, healthy food, organic farming, urban farming, zero waste

Effect of fly ash and bottom ash application as mix growing media on heavy metals status in vegetables

Anita Hazimah Putri — 2023-12-23

Coal fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) is still possible to be used directly as a mixture of soil with other growing media in small-scale agriculture. This study aimed to determine and to identify the level of safety for the consumption of vegetable crops related to the adsorption of heavy metals due to the use of mixed FABA planting media. In this study, the proportion mixture of 6% FABA, 6% compost, and 8.6% fine coal (lignite) was applicated. The proportion ratio between FABA and soil was 1:15. The FABA media application was prepared for eggplant, chili, water spinach, spinach, mustard greens, and moringa vegetables. The study was conducted without any control treatment without FABA on the same soil type. As an alternative control, vegetables from local farmers, local markets, and supermarkets surrounding the study site were taken. The experimental results showed that the application of FABA did not increase nitrate and heavy metals content in vegetables. It can be concluded that vegetables grown on FABA media were safe and suitable for consumption in terms of acceptable daily intake of nitrate and various heavy metals, except for As intake in water spinach and mustard greens, which were recommended to be confirmed in further determination research.

Quality improvement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Optima’ with amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer

Mira Puspita — 2023-12-23

Tomato quality is influenced by fertilization and matutity level. This study aimed to determine the best dosage of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) and to determine the best nutritional content at several ripeness levels of ‘Optima’ tomatoes. Amiboost is an inorganic foliar fertilizer that is rich in amino acids that can be easily absorbed by plants. The experiment used a factorial (RCBD) with 3 repetitions. The ‘Optima’ tomatoes were grown at Wonosobo and fertilized with 4 levels of Amiboost fertilizer consisting of 0, 1, 2, 4 L ha^-1amino acid fertilizer, and 2 L ha^-1 comparison fertilizer (standard fertilizer). The research was conducted at the Horticulture Sub-Laboratory, UGM at 27 °C with a relative humidity of 75%. The tomato quality observed was CO₂concentrations, visual quality rating (VQR), fruit weight percentage, fruit hardness, fruit color, total soluble solids, total titrated acid, vitamin C, carotenoids, lycopene, and flavonoids. The observation was terminated when the score of VQR reached 1 as the shelf life of tomatoes. The best dose of amino acid-enriched leaf fertilizer (Amiboost) is 2 L ha^-1 for the lightness (*L) of fruit color, ascorbic acid, and lycopene. The maturity stage of fruit significantly affected vitamin C, flavonoids, total soluble solids, carotenoids, and lycopene.

Keywords: Aminoalkanoic; shelf life; leaf fertilizer; tomato quality

Application of humic acid supplemented with micronutrient increase rice production

Valdi Muhamad Rafiansyah Siregar — 2023-12-28

Fertilizer is one of the crucial inputs to maximize nutrients needed by plants, especially rice. However, insufficient ameliorant application may affect the fertilizers' effectiveness. Humic acid is believed as one of the ameliorants to improve soil conditions resulting in higher nutrient availability. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining humic acid and micronutrients on growth, production, and nutrient contents in rice. Three treatments were applied, i.e., control (without humic acid), humic acid, and humic acid + micronutrients. The result showed that both humic acid treatments produced the highest number of tillers, humic acid application solely stimulated the highest root length, and humic acid + micronutrients stimulated the highest plant height, and fresh and dry biomass weight. Grain weight was not affected by treatments, but humic acid + micronutrients gave a higher weight of milled grain and number of filled grains. Humic acid application solely resulted in plant biomass and grains having higher N, P, and K contents. Overall, the application of humic acid + micronutrients is recommended to increase rice production.

Keywords: ameliorant; fertilizer; nutrient availability; nutrient uptake

Rainwater harvesting and water-saving irrigation for enhancing land productivity in upland rice cultivation

Nani Heryani — 2023-12-28

The development of dry land requires precise planning due to its climate-sensitive nature. It is essential to ensure water availability to meet crop water requirements. Rainwater harvesting remains underutilized in upland rice cultivation. The field experiment was conducted in Tulungagung Regency, East Java province, Indonesia from August to December 2017. The research aimed to develop water harvesting technology and irrigation management for upland rice. The nested design was the experimental design with irrigation levels and varieties of upland rice treatments. Four irrigation levels were farmer's customs, 70%, 85%, and 100% of the crop water requirement, while the varieties were Situ Patenggang, Inpago-9, and Inpago-11. Our findings revealed that 70% of the crop water requirement was sufficient for upland rice cultivation in dryland. Crop yields were unaffected by the irrigation level. Differences among upland rice varieties were only significant on plant height character. There was an increased cropping index due to additional water sources in the last months of the dry season until the early rainy season. Rainwater harvesting can be adapted to climate change, especially in areas that often experience water shortages.

Keywords: dry land, channel reservoir, irrigation level, crop water requirement

Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative traits of ten lowland chili genotypes

Anung Wahyudi — 2023-12-28

One of the important stages in chili breeding is the multi-location test. The lowlands became one agroecology in the chili multi-location test because most farmers, especially in Sumatra, plant chilies on the lowlands after the rice planting season. The purpose of this study was to understand the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of chili genotypes in a lowland area. The experiment was arranged in a single-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The chili genotypes evaluated were four test lines and six check varieties. The quantitative data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by evaluation of genotype means using the least significant difference (LSD) tests by SPSS Statistics software. The results showed that the check variety having the lowest productivity was CH3 (1.19 tons ha^-1) and the highest was Elegant (4.55 tons ha^-1). The productivity of four genotypes from IPB were significantly different from the CH3 and Imperial 10 varieties, but not significantly different from Baja (2.96 tons ha^-1), Balebat (3.87 tons ha^-1), Elegant (4.55 tons ha^-1) and Gada (3.04 tons ha^-1) varieties. This research shows that the four genotypes from IPB have the potential to become new superior varieties.

Keywords: Lampung; multi-location; plant breeding; varieties

Growth and yield responses of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) varieties on different irrigation levels

Bunga Permata Mentari — 2023-12-29

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or kacang tunggak in Indonesian belongs to the Leguminoceae family and is recently still a less commercial crop. This study was conducted to determine irrigation volume based on pan evaporation and its effects on the growth, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) grown in the plastic house. The amount of water applied was based on pan evaporation (Eo). This experiment used a split-plot randomized complete block design; the main plot was cowpea varieties (Albina and Uno), and subplots were irrigation volume (0.75, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.0 Eo). The data were subjected to analysis of variance; then, the means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). All tests were considered significant at p < 0.05. The experimental results showed that the water requirement during the vegetative phase for 5 consecutive weeks for the Albina variety was 2.91 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, and 2.11 Eo; for the Uno variety was 3.0 Eo, 3 .0 Eo, 3.0 Eo, 2.94 Eo, and 2.10 Eo, respectively. For the Albina and Uno varieties at the generative phase, the plant water requirements were 1.66 Eo and 1.79 Eo, respectively. In cowpea farming, the optimum treatment for efficient water use or lowest usage of water was determined to be 2.25 Eo of irrigation volume combined with the Albina variety. Cowpea growth and productivity are significantly impacted by irrigation volume.

Keywords: Albina variety; evaporation; kacang tunggak; Uno variety; water efficiency

Determination of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) resistance group in shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

Rizki Abi Amrullah — 2023-12-29

Shallot anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a devastating disease in a tropical country with high humidity and rainfall. Chemical control of anthracnose is neither economical nor eco-friendly, and genetic resistance is considered an efficient management method. This study aimed to determine the resistance groups of several shallot varieties and predict resistance heritability characteristics. In this study, a total of 13 Indonesian shallot varieties were evaluated for anthracnose resistance and separated into two groups, resistance and susceptible, based on K-means clustering developed by using disease resistance/susceptibility characteristics such as incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, and spot diameter. The results indicate that the Agrihorti, Maja Cipanas, Batu Ijo, and Rubaru varieties were identified as resistant groups based on lower disease severity and incidence, smaller spot diameter, and longer incubation period. Maja Cipanas and Rubaru were more consistent in all variables, which is recommended as a source of genetic resistance genotypes. On the other hand, the Biru Lancor, Bima Brebes, Srikayang, Violetta, Slupu Merah, Pancasona, Sakato, Katumi, and Kuning varieties were identified as susceptible groups based on high disease severity and incidence, large spot diameter, and short incubation period.

Keywords: susceptibility characteristics, genetic resistance, k-means clustering, disease severity

Effect of varieties and applications of clove oil on growth, productivity, and pest and disease resilience of soybean

Yati Haryati — 2023-12-29

Efforts to increase soybean productivity are carried out in various ways, including improving cultivation technology and applying pest and disease control technologies for soybeans. In addition to chemical pesticides, pest and disease control can use botanical pesticides or biopesticides, including those made from clove oil. This study aimed to determine the effect of varieties and clove oil on the growth, production, and pest-disease resilience of soybean. The study was conducted at Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia from April to July 2021. The research used a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor was soybean genotypes: Dena 1, Dega 1, and Anjasmoro. The second factor was the concentration and interval of application of clove oil: control, 3 mL L^-1 with an interval of 10 days, 3 mL L^-1 with an interval of 15 days, 5 mL L^-1 with an interval of 10 days, and 5 mL L^-1 with an interval of 15 days. The results showed that the Dena 1 variety had the highest plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, and dry weight per plant. The Dega 1 variety produced the highest weight of plant dry mass, dry pod shell weight, and 100-grain. Anjasmoro variety had the highest root length and number of nodules per plant. The Anjasmoro was more resistant to leaf caterpillar attacks, while the Dena 1 was more resistant to leaf rust disease. Botanical pesticides derived from clove oil affected various aspects of soybean growth including plant height at 60 days after planting, weight of dry biomass, root length and number of root nodules per plant, dry pod shell weight, dry seed weight, and 100-grains weight.

Keywords: botanical pesticide; clove oil; Glycine max; root nodulation; variety

Growth and production of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in ultisol using liquid organic fertilizer and NPK

Arman Effendi — 2023-12-29

One of the efforts to increase rice production in the dry land of ultisol such as in Riau is extensification. To alter low nutrient availability in ultisol, liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from waste of banana corm and NPK fertilizers are evaluated. Research aimed to obtain the best dose of LOF and NPK fertilizers to improve the productivity of upland rice on ultisols. This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design consisting of two factors. The first factor was LOF from banana corm (0 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, and 150 mL per polybag). The second factor was NPK fertilizers (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% recommendation dose); the recommendation base was: 300 kg Urea, 100 kg TSP, and 100 kg KCl ha^-1. The results indicated that the application of 150 mL LOF per polybag and NPK fertilizers at 100% recommendation significantly enhances plant height, number of tiller numbers, productive tiller, filled grain per panicle, and dry grain weight of Inpago 9 variety.

Keywords: rice; organic matter; inorganic; sub-optimal soil

Genetic diversity among Vanda celebica, Vanda dearei, and their hybrids based on ISSR markers

Ahmad Yunus — 2023-12-29

A cross between two different orchid species is a way to improve the horticultural performance of the hybrids. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) is a method of molecular markers that could be used to analyze genetic diversity among parents and their hybrid progenies. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic diversity of the parent species of Vanda dearei and Vanda celebica, the hybrid progenies of (♀ Vanda dearei x ♂ Vanda celebica)-cross and the hybrid progenies of their reciprocal cross. DNA amplification using 5 ISSR primers, namely UBC 810, UBC 815, UBC 834, UBC 835, and UBC 880, produced 60 DNA bands with a size of 200-2800 bp, with the percentage of polymorphism ranging from 81.8%-100% and the percentage of monomorphism as much as 0%-18.2%. Analysis of genetic diversity showed that the genetic diversity among hybrid progenies of (♀ V. dearei x ♂ V. celebica) was 8%. In comparison, those among hybrid progenies of its reciprocal cross (♀ V. celebica x ♂ V. dearei) were 13%. In conclusion, deploying V. celebica as a female parent and V. dearei as a male parent will most likely produce higher diversity among its progenies, compared to the reciprocal cross.

Keywords: DNA bands; diversity; marker, orchid; reciprocal cross

Confirmations on gene introgression events and hybridity for BLB resistance and yield in rice

Muh Aswad Ashan — 2023-12-29

A superior variety of rice with high yield and resistance to diseases is expected to meet the increasing demand for this one of the most important carbohydrate sources worldwide. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the major biotic stresses limiting rice production. Combining BLB resistance and high-yield traits is possible through gene pyramiding. Introgression of targeted traits in the parental genotypes and hybridity confirmation in the F₁ generation are important initial steps in gene pyramiding. This study aimed to confirm the presence of targeted genes in parent genotypes using specific molecular markers and to confirm the hybridity of F₁ plants generated from three crosses combinations of Inpari 32 (as the female parent) and three Code-qTSN4 lines (as the male parents) using SSR markers. This study successfully confirmed the introgression of BLB-resistance genes in Inpari 32 (Xa4, Xa7, and Xa21) and in Code-qTSN4 (Xa4, Xa7). The introgression of yield-related QTL, qTSN4, was confirmed in the three Code-qTSN4 lines (A10-1, B12-2, and A16-5) by RM17483 marker. Five SSR markers (RM5, RM55, RM105, RM223, and RM561) successfully confirmed the hybridity of F₁ derived from Inpari 32xA10-1 (five individuals), Inpari 32xB12-2 (one individual), Inpari 32xA16-5 (two individuals). These confirmed hybrids can be further evaluated in the F₂ generation.

Keywords: Gene pyramiding; molecular marker; SSR; qTSN4; Xoo.