Does Gap Opening and Planting to Rehabilitate the Degraded Tropical Natural Forests Affect the Forest Composition and Structure?
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 28 No. 3 (2022)
Accepted
14 November 2022
Published
30 November 2022
Keywords:
-
artificial gap, productivity, degraded forest, biodiversity, environmental performance
Abstract
By 2020, there were 33.4 million ha of degraded forests in Indonesia. If it is not rehabilitated, there will be land-use changes that significantly affect its biodiversity and environment. Gap opening and planting is an important silvicultural regeneration method to rehabilitate degraded tropical natural forests. We studied the subject in a 10 ha degraded lowland tropical natural forest in Central Borneo, Indonesia. The study aims to compare the composition and structure of degraded tropical natural forests before and after gap opening and planting. The methods used consist of 1) gap opening and planting with a proportion of the total gap area to the total degraded natural forest area of 40%; 2) vegetation analysis to assess the composition and structure of forest. The results showed that the gap opening and planting activities led to a decrease in the density of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees, and cause loss of two species at seedling level and one species at sapling level. The analysis results of the stand structure and species composition, index of species diversity, species evenness index, and community similarity index before and after gap opening and planting of the degraded forest in the study area of 10 ha showed that there is no changes of these variables. These results showed that the use of the gap opening and planting method in the rehabilitation of degraded forests is able to maintain the stability of species composition and stand structure, species diversity, species evenness, and forest communities. In conclusion, the study provided significant empirical results on the composition and structure of degraded tropical natural forests before and after gap opening and planting, which would be instrumental for the development of rehabilitation strategies. It is recommended that the rehabilitation of degraded tropical natural forests in Indonesia can be carried out using the gap opening and planting method.
References
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Dendang, B., & Handayani, W. (2015). Struktur dan komposisi tegakan hutan di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 1(4), 691695. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010401
Elias. (2015). Sistem silvikultur tebang pilih tanam rumpang (TPTR). Jakarta: Direktorat Usaha Hutan Produksi, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan RI.
Elias, & Suwarna, U. (2019). Impacts of gap planting on soil density and erosion. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea, 8(1), 918. https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2019.vol8iss1pp9-18
Elias, & Suwarna, U. (2021). ID Patent No. IDS000003960. Jakarta: Direktur Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual, Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia.
Feldmann, E., Glatthorn, J., Ammer, C., & Leuscher, C. (2020). Regeneration dynamics following of understory gaps in a Slovakian Beech Virgin Forest. Forests, 11(5), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050585
Fischer, R., Bohn, F., de Paula, D. M., Dislich, C., Groenerveld, J., Guttierrez, A. G., ..., & Huth, A. (2016). Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model do understand ecosystem and carbon dynamic of complex tropical forests. Ecological Modelling, 326, 124133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.018
Gebeyehu, G., Soromessa, T., Bekele, T., & Teketay, D. (2019). Species composition, stand structure, and regeneration status of tree species in dry afromontane forests of Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 5(1), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2019.1664938
Grogan, J., Schulze, M., Lentini, M., Zweede, J., Landis, R. M., & Free, C. M. (2013). Managing big-leaf mahogany in natural forests. ITTO Tropical Forest Update, 22(1), 1215, 19.
Gunawan, W., Basuni, S., Indrawan, A., Prasetyo, L. B., & Soedjito, H. (2011). Analisis komposisi dan struktur vegetasi terhadap upaya restorasi kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 1(2), 93105. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.1.2.93
Indrawan, A. (2000). Perkembangan suksesi tegakan hutan alam setelah penebangan dalam sistem Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia [dissertation]. Bogor: IPB University.
Kituyi, B., Otuoma, J., Wabuyele, E., & Musila, W. (2018). Interaction of Bischofia javanica and its effect on species diversity and structural composition of secondary and plantation forests in a Kenya rainforest. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 30(3), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2018.30.3.393401
Kuswandi, R., Sadono, R., Supriyatno, N., & Marsono, D. (2015). Keanekaragaman struktur tegakan hutan alam bekas tebangan berdasarkan biogeografi di Papua. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 22(2), 151159.
Lamprecht, H. (1986). Waldbau in den Tropen. Hamburg und Berlin: Paul Parey.
Larocque, G. R. (2022). Simulation models of dynamics of forest ecosystems. Forests, 13(5), 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050705
Liang, X., Yang, T., Niu, J., Zhang, L., Wang, D., Huang, J., ..., & Berndtson, R. (2022). Quality assessment and rehabilitation forest in the Chongli winter olympic games area, China. Forests, 13(5), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050783
Long, J. N., Windmuller-Campione, M., & DeRose, R. J. (2018). Building resistance and resilience: Regeneration should not be left to chance. Forests, 9(5), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050270
Ludwig, A. & Reynold, J. A. (1988). Statistical ecology: A primer in methods and computing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Marvin, D. C., Asner, G. P., Knapp, D. E., Andarsen, B., Martin, R. E., Sinca, F. & Tupayachi, R. (2014). Amazonian landscapes and the bias in field studies of forest structure and biomass. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(48), E5224-32. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412999111
Mawazin, & Subiakto, A. (2013). Keanekaragaman dan komposisi jenis permudaan alam hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan di Riau. Indonesian Forest Rehabilitation Journal, 1(1), 5973.
Meyer, H. A., Recknagel, A. B., Stevenson, D. D., & Bortoo, R. A. (1961). Forest management. New York: The Roland Press Company.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). The state of Indonesia’s forest 2020. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
[MoF] Ministry of Forestry. (2014). Peraturan Kehutanan No. 65/Menhut-II/2014 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Kehutanan No. P11/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Sistem Silvikultur dalam Areal Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu pada Hutan Produksi. Jakarta: Ministry of Forestry.
Murdjoko, A., Marsono, D., Sadono, R., & Hadisusanto, S. (2016). Tree association with Pometia and its structure in logging concession of South Papua Forest. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22 (3), 180191. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.22.3.180
Niningsih, L., Alikodra, H. S., Atmoko, S. S. U. & Mulyani, Y. A. (2017). Characteristic of orangutan habit in coal mining area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 23(1), 3749. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.23.1.37
Nopiansyah, F., Basuni, S., Purwanto, Y., Kosmaryandi, N. (2016). Forest resource utilization by the Siberut community and its implications for the Siberut Island biosphere reserve policy. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22(2), 94104. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtmf.22.2.94
Nurfatma, N, Pamoengkas, P., & Heriansyah, I. (2017). Analisis tipologi tutupan vegetasi sebagai dasar penyusunan strategi restorasi di area IUPHHK-RE PT REKI. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 7(1), 4150. https://doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.2017.7.1.41
Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Company.
Palace, M., Sullivan, F. B., Ducey, M., & Herrick, C. (2016). Estimating tropical forest structure using a terrestrial LIDAR. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0154115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154115
Pamoengkas, P., Zamzam, A., & Dwisutono, A. (2019). Vegetation recovery of logged-over dipterocarp forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Floresta Ambiente, 26(3), 111. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.123917
Ramli, M., Ahmad Fitri, Z., & Latiff, A. (2022). Tree species composition and stand structure in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 5(1), 1332.
Rohaiza, D., Meekiong, K., Fatin Shafira, J., Aida Shafreena, A. P., Nizam, M. S., Latiff, A., & Ahmad Fitri, Z. (2022). Floristic composition, stand structure, diversity and biomass of tree species in Limestone Forest at Gunung Payang, Serawak, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 85(1), 117130.
[Sarpatim] PT Sarmiento Parakantja Timber. 2021. Dokumen rencana kerja usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu pada hutan alam (RKUPHHK-HA) periode tahun 2021 s.d. 2030. Sampit: PT Sarmineto Parakantja Timber.
Schwartz, G., Pereira, P. C. G., Siviero, M. A., Pereira, J. F., Ruschel, A. R., & Yared, J. A. G. (2017). Enrichment planting in logging gaps with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby: A financially profitable alternative for degraded tropical forests in the Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 390,166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.031
Segura, C., Jiménez, M. N., Fernández-Ondoño, E., & Navarro, F. B. (2021). Effects of afforestation on plant diversity and soil quality in Semiarid SE Spain. Forests, 12(12), 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121730
Siti Nurfaeiza, A. R., Shamsul, K., Wan Yuliana, W. A., & Shukor, M. N. (2022). Tropical rainforest regeneration in an area devastated by dam impoundment in Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 85(1), 96108.
Soendjoto, M. A., Dharmono, Mahrudin, Riefani, M. K., & Triwibowo, D. (2014). Plant species richness after revegetation on the reclaimed coal mine land of PT. Adaro Indonesia, South Kalimantan. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 20(3), 150158. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.20.3.150
Sularso, H. (1996). Analisis kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pemanenan kayu terkendali dan konvensional pada tebang pilih tanam Indonesia (TPTI) [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Zhang, L., Feng, H., Du, M., Wang, Y., Lai, G., & Guo, J. (2022). Dynamic effects of structure-based forest management on stand structure in a Platycladus orientalis plantation. Forests, 13(6), 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060852
Al-Reza, D. D., Prasetyo, L. B., & Hermawan, R. (2016). Biodiversity of plants and birds in reclamation area of PT. Bukit Asam, Muara Enim, South Sumatera. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22(3), 158168. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.22.3.158
Amir, H. B. (1996). Kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pemanenan kayu dengan sistem Tebang Jalur Tanam Indonesia [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Dendang, B., & Handayani, W. (2015). Struktur dan komposisi tegakan hutan di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 1(4), 691695. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010401
Elias. (2015). Sistem silvikultur tebang pilih tanam rumpang (TPTR). Jakarta: Direktorat Usaha Hutan Produksi, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan RI.
Elias, & Suwarna, U. (2019). Impacts of gap planting on soil density and erosion. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea, 8(1), 918. https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2019.vol8iss1pp9-18
Elias, & Suwarna, U. (2021). ID Patent No. IDS000003960. Jakarta: Direktur Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual, Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia.
Feldmann, E., Glatthorn, J., Ammer, C., & Leuscher, C. (2020). Regeneration dynamics following of understory gaps in a Slovakian Beech Virgin Forest. Forests, 11(5), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050585
Fischer, R., Bohn, F., de Paula, D. M., Dislich, C., Groenerveld, J., Guttierrez, A. G., ..., & Huth, A. (2016). Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model do understand ecosystem and carbon dynamic of complex tropical forests. Ecological Modelling, 326, 124133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.018
Gebeyehu, G., Soromessa, T., Bekele, T., & Teketay, D. (2019). Species composition, stand structure, and regeneration status of tree species in dry afromontane forests of Awi Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 5(1), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2019.1664938
Grogan, J., Schulze, M., Lentini, M., Zweede, J., Landis, R. M., & Free, C. M. (2013). Managing big-leaf mahogany in natural forests. ITTO Tropical Forest Update, 22(1), 1215, 19.
Gunawan, W., Basuni, S., Indrawan, A., Prasetyo, L. B., & Soedjito, H. (2011). Analisis komposisi dan struktur vegetasi terhadap upaya restorasi kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 1(2), 93105. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.1.2.93
Indrawan, A. (2000). Perkembangan suksesi tegakan hutan alam setelah penebangan dalam sistem Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia [dissertation]. Bogor: IPB University.
Kituyi, B., Otuoma, J., Wabuyele, E., & Musila, W. (2018). Interaction of Bischofia javanica and its effect on species diversity and structural composition of secondary and plantation forests in a Kenya rainforest. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 30(3), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2018.30.3.393401
Kuswandi, R., Sadono, R., Supriyatno, N., & Marsono, D. (2015). Keanekaragaman struktur tegakan hutan alam bekas tebangan berdasarkan biogeografi di Papua. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 22(2), 151159.
Lamprecht, H. (1986). Waldbau in den Tropen. Hamburg und Berlin: Paul Parey.
Larocque, G. R. (2022). Simulation models of dynamics of forest ecosystems. Forests, 13(5), 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050705
Liang, X., Yang, T., Niu, J., Zhang, L., Wang, D., Huang, J., ..., & Berndtson, R. (2022). Quality assessment and rehabilitation forest in the Chongli winter olympic games area, China. Forests, 13(5), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050783
Long, J. N., Windmuller-Campione, M., & DeRose, R. J. (2018). Building resistance and resilience: Regeneration should not be left to chance. Forests, 9(5), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050270
Ludwig, A. & Reynold, J. A. (1988). Statistical ecology: A primer in methods and computing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Marvin, D. C., Asner, G. P., Knapp, D. E., Andarsen, B., Martin, R. E., Sinca, F. & Tupayachi, R. (2014). Amazonian landscapes and the bias in field studies of forest structure and biomass. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(48), E5224-32. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412999111
Mawazin, & Subiakto, A. (2013). Keanekaragaman dan komposisi jenis permudaan alam hutan rawa gambut bekas tebangan di Riau. Indonesian Forest Rehabilitation Journal, 1(1), 5973.
Meyer, H. A., Recknagel, A. B., Stevenson, D. D., & Bortoo, R. A. (1961). Forest management. New York: The Roland Press Company.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). The state of Indonesia’s forest 2020. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
[MoF] Ministry of Forestry. (2014). Peraturan Kehutanan No. 65/Menhut-II/2014 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Kehutanan No. P11/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Sistem Silvikultur dalam Areal Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu pada Hutan Produksi. Jakarta: Ministry of Forestry.
Murdjoko, A., Marsono, D., Sadono, R., & Hadisusanto, S. (2016). Tree association with Pometia and its structure in logging concession of South Papua Forest. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22 (3), 180191. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.22.3.180
Niningsih, L., Alikodra, H. S., Atmoko, S. S. U. & Mulyani, Y. A. (2017). Characteristic of orangutan habit in coal mining area in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 23(1), 3749. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.23.1.37
Nopiansyah, F., Basuni, S., Purwanto, Y., Kosmaryandi, N. (2016). Forest resource utilization by the Siberut community and its implications for the Siberut Island biosphere reserve policy. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 22(2), 94104. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtmf.22.2.94
Nurfatma, N, Pamoengkas, P., & Heriansyah, I. (2017). Analisis tipologi tutupan vegetasi sebagai dasar penyusunan strategi restorasi di area IUPHHK-RE PT REKI. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 7(1), 4150. https://doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.2017.7.1.41
Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Company.
Palace, M., Sullivan, F. B., Ducey, M., & Herrick, C. (2016). Estimating tropical forest structure using a terrestrial LIDAR. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0154115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154115
Pamoengkas, P., Zamzam, A., & Dwisutono, A. (2019). Vegetation recovery of logged-over dipterocarp forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Floresta Ambiente, 26(3), 111. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.123917
Ramli, M., Ahmad Fitri, Z., & Latiff, A. (2022). Tree species composition and stand structure in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 5(1), 1332.
Rohaiza, D., Meekiong, K., Fatin Shafira, J., Aida Shafreena, A. P., Nizam, M. S., Latiff, A., & Ahmad Fitri, Z. (2022). Floristic composition, stand structure, diversity and biomass of tree species in Limestone Forest at Gunung Payang, Serawak, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 85(1), 117130.
[Sarpatim] PT Sarmiento Parakantja Timber. 2021. Dokumen rencana kerja usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu pada hutan alam (RKUPHHK-HA) periode tahun 2021 s.d. 2030. Sampit: PT Sarmineto Parakantja Timber.
Schwartz, G., Pereira, P. C. G., Siviero, M. A., Pereira, J. F., Ruschel, A. R., & Yared, J. A. G. (2017). Enrichment planting in logging gaps with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby: A financially profitable alternative for degraded tropical forests in the Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 390,166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.031
Segura, C., Jiménez, M. N., Fernández-Ondoño, E., & Navarro, F. B. (2021). Effects of afforestation on plant diversity and soil quality in Semiarid SE Spain. Forests, 12(12), 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121730
Siti Nurfaeiza, A. R., Shamsul, K., Wan Yuliana, W. A., & Shukor, M. N. (2022). Tropical rainforest regeneration in an area devastated by dam impoundment in Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 85(1), 96108.
Soendjoto, M. A., Dharmono, Mahrudin, Riefani, M. K., & Triwibowo, D. (2014). Plant species richness after revegetation on the reclaimed coal mine land of PT. Adaro Indonesia, South Kalimantan. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 20(3), 150158. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.20.3.150
Sularso, H. (1996). Analisis kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pemanenan kayu terkendali dan konvensional pada tebang pilih tanam Indonesia (TPTI) [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Zhang, L., Feng, H., Du, M., Wang, Y., Lai, G., & Guo, J. (2022). Dynamic effects of structure-based forest management on stand structure in a Platycladus orientalis plantation. Forests, 13(6), 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060852
Authors
Elias, & SimangunsongB. C. H. (2022). Does Gap Opening and Planting to Rehabilitate the Degraded Tropical Natural Forests Affect the Forest Composition and Structure? . Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 28(3), 292. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.28.3.292
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